Microbiology Notes

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  Cocci vs. Bacilli: 5 Major Differences with Examples Bacteria may be a domain of minuscule, microscopic, unicellular beings, but they are amazingly diverse among themselves. There are multiple classification schemes used to classify bacteria; among them  classification based on their morphology  is conventional and one of the simple modes of classification. Based on their shape, bacteria are mainly classified into four main groups viz. coccus (spherical shaped), bacillus (rod-shaped), spirilla or spirochete (spiral-shaped), and vibrio (comma shaped). In this note, we will describe and differentiate coccus and bacillus.  Coccus (Plural Cocci) The word ‘coccus’ is derived from the Greek word  κόκκος (cóccos)  meaning ‘ berry ‘. In microbiology, ‘Coccus’ is a term to define any bacterium or archaea that is spherical (round) (or similar, like elliptical and oval) in shape. Cocci are a group of spherical bacteria.  There are different bacterial gener...

Bacteriology: Bacteriology is a branch or discipline of science that studies different characteristics of bacteria and their association with other organisms or disciplines. Over the years, the discipline of bacteriology has evolved from the microbiological tests performed only by physicians, the application of the germ theory of disease and economic concerns relating to the spoilage of foods and wine to the use of bacteria to simpler forms of laboratory tests and the production of new nutritious food and antibiotics. The study of bacteria began with the discovery of the microscope and was mostly limited to experts and scientists of that time. The initial advances in pathogenic bacteriology began with the identification and characterization of bacteria associated with specific diseases. Nowadays, however, bacteriology is used in various other fields like food, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, and the environment. Significant advances made in bacteriology over the last century have resulte...

  Microbial degradation of hemicellulose (Enzymes, Steps, Mechanisms): What is hemicellulose? Hemicellulose is a group of complex polysaccharides that are found in the fibers of  plants  along with other polysaccharides like  cellulose  and pectin. Hemicellulose consists of a heterogeneous group of  carbohydrates  where the structures of these carbohydrates are not clearly understood. The structures and physicochemical properties of polysaccharides are very different from each other. Hemicelluloses are not structurally related to cellulose, nor do they contain the same building blocks but they are partially soluble in water or alkali. Hemicelluloses are mostly mixed polymers, whereas cellulose is a homopolymer of glucose. Apart from arabinogalactan, all other hemicelluloses have short side-chains and low molecular weights. The hemicelluloses consist of either pentose (xylose, arabinose) or hexoses (glucose, mannose, galactose) as well as uronic acids. ...